The Tragedy Of Family Members Dying From Injuries

Have you ever had that nightmare about family members dying from injuries? Have you ever worried that you might have gone on a trip and lost your sight from injuries? There is danger in our life everyday that you cannot control, and there might be the accident at any moment, but all we have to do is live strong don’t let the accident stop your life! There is a girl, called Caitlyn at the age of 9. She was born in California and raised in Seattle. Her mom and dad are both Chinese. Caitlyn and her family live in the town in Seattle called Lynnwood. She is a smart girl, and she has good grades. However, she has eye problems, so she can’t see well. Her grandfather kept telling her to wear glasses, but she just chose not to wear them. Undoubtedly, there was something special about Caitlyn, every time when she doesn’t like something her stomach hurt. For example, she really hates Physical Education class, especially when they have to play games and running, when is tim e for Physical Education class she always has stomach ache for no reason just because she don’t like something. One day, her mom looks at her English test score and ask her how could you get 98% if you have eye problems and you couldn’t see well. She scolds Caitlyn angrily, â€Å"You are cheating on your test, I would have to tell your teacher.† Caitlyn started crying and she said sadly, â€Å"No Mom, I didn’t cheat on my test, even I can’t see well I still can use my nose to smell things.† Her Grandfather came up and talkShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Movie Forrest Gump 927 Words   |  4 PagesLieutenant Dan Taylor, from the movie Forrest Gump, was initially an â€Å"ordinary† character known to have a family line tradition of someone dying in each war. He was the next family member to serve, in the Vietnam War. 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Gay Marriage Should Be Legal Free Essays

Gay marriage should be legalized. Our civil rights and the Constitution give us many liberties. One of our civil liberties is the pursuit of happiness, which homosexual people are not allowed to chase. We will write a custom essay sample on Gay Marriage Should Be Legal or any similar topic only for you Order Now They cannot be married to the person they love and it violates their freedoms. According to professorshouse. com, â€Å"In Alaska, Nevada, Montana, Oregon, Utah, Nebraska, Missouri, Michigan, North Dakota, Ohio, Kentucky, Oklahoma, Kansas, Louisiana, Arkansas, Georgia, Mississippi, Texas, and Alabama, not only is gay marriage banned, but so are civil partnerships.   The 1st amendment of the Constitution states that a person’s religious beliefs or a lack of thereof must be protected. Legislatures also cannot discriminate against marriages of the minority party which, homosexual people fall into that category. There is also an amendment stating there is separation of church and state, so you cannot declare that a marriage is a gift from God. Others might ask why gay marriage should be legalized, but my question is this: why should other people be able to choose who marries who? If a man and a woman get married, no one seems to care. They are two people who feel affection for one another and those two people want to start a family. If we change the scenario a little bit and a man and a man, or a woman and a woman, try to get married it causes uproar. They are not allowed to be married or raise a family together. Imagine waking up one day to a world that was completely opposite from the world we went to sleep in, meaning gay people are now straight and all straight people are now gay. Do you think the newly straight people would fight for the newly homosexual people’s rights? America is the land of the free, but we are not free to marry whomever we would like. After everything straight people have put homosexual people through, in this scenario, homosexual people would most likely vote for their rights because they would want their rights to be voted for. We are equals in this world whether we are Black, White, Hispanic, Indian, or any other race for that matter. Why should we not be equals based on sexual orientation? In a marriage there is one thing that truly matters: love. Yes, other things are important too, but not one couple would make it to even asking someone to marry them if there was not some love. Las Vegas, Nevada is also known for being the place where many weddings occur which are annulled within one week. These marriages are not based off love, but simply a drunken night in Vegas. High divorce rates weaken what a marriage is defined as. Why are we not able to rewrite what a marriage stands for and make it include a homosexual marriage? The definition of love, according to dictionary. com is as follows: â€Å"Very strong affection: an intense feeling of tender affection and compassion. If gay people feel this way then why shouldn’t they be able to be married? If they are happy with each other, said persons should be able to marry. California, Hawaii, New York, and the District of Columbia all have domestic partnership laws and civil partnerships meaning it is almost a marriage without the matrimony. Civil partnerships also give coupl es the ability to have joint bank accounts, live in the same house, and pay bills together. Homosexual couples are not entitled to this in most states. Marriage benefits should be available to all couples, no matter what. In places where gay marriages are banned, the gay couples are not able to have the same benefits as others. When filing for health care or insurance through a job, gay couples are not able to add each other on. Most loved ones, such as a spouse or a child, in a straight marriage, can make life altering decisions in a hospital if need be. Since gay marriage is not legal, said person’s spouse is not recognized as their next of kin and care is delayed. Who would be affected if homosexual marriage was legalized? No one. Everyone believes there is one person who is out there to love us. Gay people feel the same way. Parenthood is a benefit of marriage and gay couples cannot have children by themselves, without some type of help, so they look to adoption agencies. In some cases gay couples are put on longer waiting lists or denied completely. There are other benefits to being married as well, such as tax breaks. On the website professorshouse. com it reads, â€Å"When we hit our mid-thirties, we wanted only true friendships- friendships that were durable. † This is a perfect example of matrimony and what it should be based on. . According to dictionary. om a marriage is, â€Å"The legal or religious ceremony that formalizes the decision of two people to live as a married couple, including the accompanying social festivities. † If this is a marriage why are gay people not included in this? Even though gay marriage should be legalized, some people have different beliefs. In most religions including, Christianity, Islam, and Orthodox Judaism same sex prefe rences are a sin. People believe in procreation to repopulate the world, but are against gay marriage and homosexuals adopting children because they cannot procreate on their own. If this is a stand point on making or breaking gay marriage then only people who are fertile and want to procreate should be able to get married according to this bias. America has never really given gay marriage a chance, but they believe gay marriage will weaken its institution by leading to high divorce rates. On loveandpride. com I read, â€Å"One reason legislatures are denying gay marriage is because they are fearful that opening the door to allowing gay marriages will open the door to polygamy as well. This would also mean reopening cases about polygamy in the past which they are not willing to do. Others are fearful for children’s futures and they fear being raised by two fathers or by two mothers may compromise children’s mental capacities. Even though to most people gay marriage should be illegal and should stay in its current state, I believe we need to change the world for future generations. We feared that different religions were going to clash, but now a ll of the religions coexist. White people had Black and Hispanic slaves, but we overcame the odds and now White men, Black men, and Hispanic men can be equals. If it is possible to overcome such fierce obstacles then we can overcome the boundary obstructing gay marriages and straight marriages alike. Gay marriage should be legalized for these reasons. Evolution will always continue and at any given point in time, something will occur that we will not like in this world, but we can overcome this. Gay marriage is a controversial issue that people have been fighting for years and it has finally come to the surface. We should take charge of it. How to cite Gay Marriage Should Be Legal, Essay examples

Firm Competencies On Market Entry Success -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Firm Competencies On Market Entry Success? Answer: Introduction According to Lambert and Cooper (2000), Supply Chain Management (SCM) is the oversight of finances, information, and materials as they move from the suppliers to manufacturers to wholesalers to retailers and eventually to consumers. Additionally, Seuring and Mller (2008) observe that strategic supply chain management (SSCM) involves the coordination and integration the flow of goods and services both within and among companies. Notably, SSCM also encompasses designing, planning, executing, controlling, and monitoring of supply chain activities with the aim of leveraging worldwide logistics, building a competitive infrastructure, synchronizing supply with demand, creating net value, and measuring performance globally. It also involves the task of coordinating material flow and information flow across the supply chain. The main goal of coordinating such activities is to reduce inventory. As such, DiethelmKellerSiberHegner (DKSH) comes in handy to streamline the supply chain management of various companies. DKSH provides market expansion services to most Asian companies who wish to grow their existing markets as well as expand to new ones. The company provides solutions in value chain support to help companies achieve their extensive supply chain network, distribution network, and growth and expansion objectives. The main objective of this research is to find out how DKSH utilizes innovation as a value proposition to enhance supply chain management. In addition, another objective is to find out why many customers prefer to seek for services of DKSH. The last objective is to determine the supply chain gaps that DKSH can fill to meet the demands of various customers across Asia and other parts of the world. Reasons why customer buy the DKSH product/services According to Spenner and Freeman (2013), customers can keep on buying a particular product or service from a company because of the customer service they provide, products or services on offer, and competitive pricing. These preferences were very common when Corporate Executive Board carried out a market research to determine why customers tend to stick to particular companies (Spenner Freeman, 2013). Other studies conducted by Lee-Kelley, Gilbert, and Mannicom (2003) reveal that customers are becoming sensitive to product and services they request. Prices and accessibility play an important role to maintain existing customers and attract new ones. In particular, customer loyalty and customer perception are very integral to business survival. All said and done, DKSH specializes in helping companies to grow their businesses in existing markets and expand to new ones (DKSH, 2018). The company achieves this goal by delivering accustomed services that businesses need to achieve their goals and marketing expansion. Nonetheless, DKSH provides a comprehensive package of services along with value chain which involves sourcing, market analysis and research, distribution and logistics, marketing and sales, and after-sales services. Li et al (2006) observe that an efficient supply chain management is vital in winning new customers and retaining the existing ones. Besides, when customers can relate to a particular company, then, they will endeavor to support it repeatedly by offering business opportunities. This explains why DKSH has operated for decades with a broad customer base. Since supply chain is the core driver of any business, DKSH is banking on this theory to make sure that it captures the market, and as such, it boasts of operations in over 36 countries. Research conducted by Hendricks and Singhal (2003) shows that many businesses have a problem of penetrating the market. Many startups die before their third birthday owing to the fierce completion in the global market. Advancement in technology has opened the markets which have made it difficult for businesses to survive. As such, DKSH comes in handy to these businesses by providing sales, market research, and analysis, logistics and distribution on their behalf. This explains why most organizations and businesses procure the services of DKSH. Kumar et al (2016) argue that experience in the supply chain enable entities to support a particular brand marketed and sold by established brands. With 780 business locations in 36 countries and; 1500 clients, 4000 supplies, 500,000 customers and 150 distribution centers, DKSH is a force in the market that customers would like to associate with. The established brand name acts as a marketing tool for its products. Coupled with automation of its supply chain system, small and big businesses can monitor the sales and flow of their products at any time and thus harnesses trust and loyalty. For this reason, customers would prefer DKSH for deals as they seek to expand their products and services. According to DKSH (2018), the company has a true service philosophy which goes beyond exchange and promotion of goods. They anchor their operations on profound responsibility for the goods and brands of its clientele. They take a proactive approach in providing strategic advice based on a network of experts, know-how, and experience for long time operations. Such a philosophy enable the company to provide a detailed and up-to-date information, which surely help businesses, grow and expand based on their objectives. In addition, customers prefer DKSH since they offer tailor-made services with an aim of delivering seamless end to end solutions for business challenges that customers face, be it small or large scale companies. To add, DKSH endeavors to organizations reduce fixed costs and complexity, increase market share and penetration, and top and bottom line growth that at the end of the day leads to growth and efficiency in supply chain management. How DKSH is the company delivering the value proposition Staying competitive in providing market expansion services by DKSH is taking a path of outsourcing for clients and customers. Adopting innovations has helped the company achieve its goals in supply chain management both in the short-term and long-term goals. This has helped DKSH stay competitive in the market by staying ahead of the game while maintaining high operational benefits. Ideally, innovations such as digitization/automation are the primary driving force for long-term success in any industry (Chesbrough, 2007). Digitization of market expansion services is helping consumers in the local markets, industrial customers, wholesaler, and retailers to achieve business growth over time (DKSH, 2018). In particular, digitization of services leads to efficiency gains, business development, and organic growth. Considering the broad scope of DKSH businesses, this study will cover digitization/automation of services and logistical activities. Service digitization According to Chesbrough (2007), technological progress is enabling service innovations at most levels of business operations. It creates platforms on which market expansion services providers explore innovative service offerings that meet customers' emerging demands. For example, DKSH has digitized its information that allows linking of data across the value chain that are often transmitted in real time to intended destinations. For this reason, Chesbrough (2010) argues that digitization of services is a milestone to easing operations and cutting cost which eventually reflects in profits and efficiency. Furthermore, adopting service innovations such as product demonstrations in the field of sales services, cash collection, pricing, certification, testing, product customization, market research, and product delivery have been utilized effectively by DKSH to carry out their operations. Dodgson, Gann, and Salter (2006) also observed that transformational and evolutionary service innovations are the key to achieving greatness in an open market. Besides, there is improved delivery of new and existing services to customers who are the major players in the business industry. Activities such as key account management, product licensing, promotion management, and brand management are the core of service delivery in an existing supply chain. Supply chain automation The main goal of a supply chain is to meet the demand of customers in the market (Hoek Harrison, 2008). It is therefore imperative that goods and services reach the customers at the required place and time. Intrinsically, Hoek and Harrison (2008) note that the main supply chain activities are warehousing, inventory management, demand planning/forecasting, and customers' service. Besides, other activities include packaging and transportation, packing, material handling, and logistics communication. Additionally, Habib (2014) found out that the concept of SCM is similar to the concept of logistics activities. Therefore, achieving such myriad of activities in the SCM requires innovation (Noche Elhasia, 2013). According to Elhasia, Noche and Zhao (2013), innovation techniques can help companies to cost-effectively and respond much more rapidly to declining product life cycles, intensifying competition, and accelerating technological changes. One of such innovative techniques is automat ion of the supply chain processes across companies and markets. Emerging technologies can help create strategic opportunities for companies to stay at the edge of competition and achieve competitive advantage in many functional areas (Kampstra, Ashayeri Gattorna, 2006). Some of the areas which companies can improve upon include supply chain management and logistics among others. In the same line of thought, Baker and Canessa (2009), observes that innovations, in particular, automation, is a way through which business organizations can enhance performance and competitiveness. Specifically, innovations play crucial roles in ensuring the improvement of the overall efficiency of the supply chain which ultimately results in the effectiveness of the logistical system. Even though there are some areas that DKSH has automated, there are some areas where people take a lot of time to initiate processes which cause inconveniences in terms of time management. Moreover, Baker (2006) found out that logistics and modem services encounter challenges in product flow, planning and controlling freight, and other related information. As such, supply chain comes in handy in ensuring efficient resource allocation. Coupled with modern day automation, then, DKSH can be one of the leading SCM companies in the world, which will expand its operations beyond Asian markets. Automation of supply chain services has the tendency of encouraging resource redistribution within the company. As such, companies that seek to expand their marking scope and grow its operations can really benefit from an efficient SSCM. However, automation comes at the cost of training the staff to operate the systems (Baker Canessa, 2009), it helps logistics companies in the long run. Overall, bringing modern technologies in the supply chain help increase the number of experienced, skilled, and competent professionals who ensure that business, both big and small achieve their growth objects as far as access to the market is concerned (Baker Halim, 2007). In most business environments, implementing organizational or operational improvement plans are often clouded with uncertainties that have cost implication to businesses. As such, DKSH offers tailor-made services to companies and organizations which ensures that there is control in operational cost in a bid to achieve business go als. In another word, DKSH uses digitization where various customers can interact with the company on a platform to enhance service delivery. Additionally, standardization of mass production, i.e., handling many customers with unique needs have a higher probability of being digitized/automated (Tseng, Yue, Taylor, 2005). Evangelista, McKinnon, and Sweeney (2013), also share the same sentiments by alleging that it is easier to establish standardized automated solution at an affordable cost when there is demand in flexibility with higher product volume. ideally, choosing the right system to operate on enables seamless business operations by meeting various needs of customers to expand their businesses (Kherbach Mocan, 2016). The same principle is the adoption of DKSH services which has ensured their steady growth over the years. From that innovation perspective, DKSH has a competitive advantage over that explains their tremendous growth. As such, automation/digitization is key in realizing organizational goals and objectives. It is, therefore, prudent for small and big companies to embrace automation of service delivery. Nevertheless, DKSH has come up with a comprehensive package of services which help provide partners with a specialized range of services such as sourcing of materials, market analysis and research, marketing and sales to distribution and logistics as well as offering after sales services. Such innovation to provide the many services help them gain a competitive advantage in the market. Apart from offering general services, the company also offer customized services in every case that helps meet the unique needs of customers. For DKSH to meet their customer's demand, the company can achieve automation while considering the following phases; pre-project, implementation, and post-project phase (Baker Halim, 2007). Each and every step of automation of the logistics system have various factors that need consideration such options and scope definition, comparing conventional and automated options and the organizational requirements. Some other considerations include board approval, operational specifications, and commitment of the top management. The company also engages in installation, testing, commissioning, and training of individual business managers in the line of their service delivery. This helps the company bond with their clients which ultimately harness the relationship among themselves. Supply Chain Gaps Jonsson and Holmstrm (2016) observed that the introduction of supply chain planning (SCP) by retailers, wholesalers, and companies when they attempted to improve operational performance and better align supply chain partners and operations and business strategy created some gaps between practice and promise. Tuomikangas and Kaipia (2014) and Stank et al. (2012) supported the sentiments by echoing that the process of integrating demand and supply at times creates gaps that do not meet business expectations. In particular, the scholars highlighted operations planning maturity levels, higher sales were rarely implemented in practice, and managers are often lost on the requirements of such dilemma. Additionally, Johnson and Mattsson (2013) also observe that vendor managed inventories were for a limited amount of time. To address this, many methods and models have been developed to optimize supply chain multi-echelon stock decision and master planning but several of them are inapplicable (Jonsson Holmstrm, 2016). Furthermore, there are also gaps between the plan, source, make, and delivery process that hampers the seamless flow of goods and services. And as such, DKSH is not an exception to this dilemma that rages across most supply chain channels. Taking into account the business model of DKSH, a planning gap may exist between the business owner and DKSH. It entails analysis of information and forecasting the market trends of various goods and services. Various business departments such as finance and marketing can carry out the process monthly or yearly. Lack of coordination between the two partners can interfere with operations and ultimately hurt businesses. Aidoo-Sam and Sloan (2007), suggest that closing such gaps require innovations and simplification of the supply chain process. Such strategies will help eliminate lack of understanding on how specific contexts produces implementation outcomes. Lambert and Cooper (2000) further argue that developing interventions that rely on systems and processes are best suited to solve the planning dilemma between the two business partners during the planning stage. The duo also suggests that classifying stock keeping units across the inventory can help eliminate inefficiencies when D KSH is customizing the system for individual business. The scope of DKSH business operations involves sourcing. A procurement system seeks the use of a procurement model. Activities under this model involve searching, negotiations, and evaluating agents with the aim of amending supplier selection, negotiation, and evaluation (Delipinar Kocaoglu, 2016). Owing to the high competition that companies face today, sourcing of materials is challenging since different qualities exist selling at varied prices (Delipinar Kocaoglu, 2016). Putting in place a supply chain operations reference (SCOR) is key in eliminating sourcing problems at various business levels. This strategy will help DKSH and others integrate their process and make comparisons for a reliable acquisition of materials and suppliers. Making or manufacturing products can become to supply chain companies that are not prepared financially to do so. Manufacturing of goods does not only involve the production belt and batch but also time (Delipinar Kocaoglu, 2016). When venturing into production and marketing like DKSH, there is a need for organizations to work in connection with other market players. Moreover, Bolstorff et al. (2012) found out that companies wishing to move together and improve efficiency in the supply chain should move together which will eventually eliminate misalignments. Adhering to this strategy can help the business avoid loss of market share, the constrained growth of profits, unexpected costs, high inventory, and poor service. Trkman et al. (2010) support the argument that getting the right people to do business with help improve organization performance and gain competitive advantage. Another gap that exists in the supply chain is the delivery of processed goods. Many organizations delicate the delivery of their products to other companies. It is worth noting that outsourcing such services comes at a cost and in extreme circumstances, can hurt the operations of the business. Many logistics firms thrive in this sector, DKSH being one of them. Delipinar and Kocaoglu (2016) suggest that SCOR model works best when it comes to delivery of such services. Companies that have resources to meet delivery demands of the many companies can make a fortune for it. Smart business operations of DKSH have seen it survive for decades. Other firms can also come to take the advantage of other unexploited markets and bring efficiency in the supply chain of various products. Trkman et al. (2010) note that returning of products, processes involved in receiving of goods and returning of products is a challenge to some entities. Once goods are delivered to a particular destination and somehow, they are defective, then returning them to the manufacturer is necessary. In such a circumstance, there is an opportunity for exploitation. Usually, contracts are reached to deliver products but not return. As such, this a gap that needs investment and consideration by supply chain players to create efficiency in the sector (Wang Lestari, 2013). Conclusion Alignment of supply chain activation requires combining business, information technology, and performance measurement to effectively streamline the process (Delipinar Kocaoglu, 2016). The same sentiments receive backing from Zuiga, Seifert, and Thoben (2013) who asserts that SCM and IT are key in business management, economics, telecommunications, simulations, artificial intelligence and information systems. Further aligning information systems with supply chain management is vital in increasing revenues of each player in supply chain like DKSH. Besides, other industries like pharmaceuticals, automotive and textile require alignment and standardization through information systems to improve their supply chain (Mason, Lalwani Boughton, 2007). Moreover, Sakka et al. (2010) note that organizations and entities cannot be in rival business if information technology strategies are not linked. As such, strategic alignment is achievable when IT is incorporated, combining companies' goals, activities, and processes with information systems. Taking such strategic steps can form new opportunities in the service sector (Du et al., 2005), more so to DKSH as they undertake market expansion service. Firms requiring to gain stability in profits and business operations, therefore, need to embrace IT in their supply chain system. Overall, companies can achieve supply chain transformations when synergistic effect and complementary variables are aligned together to achieve the greater goal of supply chain management. References Aidoo-Sam, M. A., Sloan, R. K. (2007). Modelling of supply chains is the way forward. International Technology Management Review, 1(1), 12. Baker, P., Canessa, M. (2009). Warehouse design: A structured approach. European Journal of Operational Research, 193(2), 425-436. Baker, P., Halim, Z. (2007). An exploration of warehouse automation implementations: cost,service and flexibility issues. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 12(2), 129-138. Bolstorff, P., Rosenbaum, R. G. (2007). Supply chain excellence: a handbook for dramatic improvement using the SCOR model. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Chesbrough, H. (2007). Business model innovation: it's not just about technology anymore. Strategy leadership, 35(6), 12-17. Chesbrough, H. (2010). Business model innovation: opportunities and barriers. Long range planning, 43(2-3), 354-363. Christopher, M., Peck, H. (2004). Building the resilient supply chain. The international journal of logistics management, 15(2), 1-14. DKSH. (2018). Our core business: Market Expansion Services. Retrieved from ://dksh.com/global-en/home/about-us/what-we-do/market-expansion-services on 1st 29, 2018. Dodgson, M., Gann, D., Salter, A. (2006). The role of technology in the shift towards open innovation: the case of Procter Gamble. RD Management, 36(3), 333-346. Du, A. Y., Gopal, R. D., Ramesh, R. (2005). Value Chains in IT-enabled Services: Towards a Reference Model. In Conference on Globally Distributed Work (GDW). Bangalore, India. Delipinar, G. E., Kocaoglu, B. (2016). Using SCOR Model to Gain Competitive Advantage: A Literature Review. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 229, 398-406. Evangelista, P., McKinnon, A., Sweeney, E. (2013). Technology adoption in small and medium-sized logistics providers. Industrial Management Data Systems, 113(7), 967- 989. Elhasia, T., Noche, B., Zhao, L. (2013, March). Simulation of a sustainable cement supplychain; proposal model review. In Proceedings of World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology (No. 75, p. 562). World Academy of Science, Engineeringand Technology (WASET). Habib, M. (2014). Supply Chain Management (SCM): Its Future Implications. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 2(09), 238. Hendricks, K. B., Singhal, V. R. (2003). The effect of supply chain glitches on shareholder wealth. Journal of operations Management, 21(5), 501-522. Hoek, R. I. V., Harrison, A. (2008). Logistics Management and Strategy: Competing Through The Supply Chain. Jonsson, P., Mattsson, S. A. (2013). The value of sharing planning information in supply chains. International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management, 43(4), 282-299. Jonsson, P., Holmstrm, J. (2016). Future of supply chain planning: closing the gaps between practice and promise. International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management, 46(1), 62-81. Kampstra, R. P., Ashayeri, J., Gattorna, J. L. (2006). Realities of supply chain collaboration. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 17(3), 312-330. Kherbach, O., Mocan, M. L. (2016). The importance of logistics and supply chain management in the enhancement of Romanian SMEs. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 221, 405-413. Kumar, K., Prabhakar, S., Prakash, P., Ramchandra, G., Sharad, B. (2016). An Overview ofthe Regulatory Environment in Asean Countries. International Journal of Pharmacy Review Research Lambert, D. M., Cooper, M. C. (2000). Issues in supply chain management. Industrial marketing management, 29(1), 65-83. Lee-Kelley, L., Gilbert, D., Mannicom, R. (2003). How e-CRM can enhance customer loyalty Marketing Intelligence Planning, 21(4), 239-248. Li, S., Ragu-Nathan, B., Ragu-Nathan, T. S., Rao, S. S. (2006). The impact of supply chain management practices on competitive advantage and organizational performance. Omega, 34(2), 107-124. Mason, R., Lalwani, C., Boughton, R. (2007). Combining vertical and horizontal collaboration for transport optimisation. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 12(3), 187-199. Noche, B., Elhasia, T. (2013). Approach to innovative supply chain strategies in cement industry; Analysis and Model simulation. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 75, 359-369. Sakka, O. P. A. M., Millet, P. A., Botta-Genoulaz, V. (2010, May). An OWL based ontology of SCOR model: a prerequisite for strategic alignment. In Proceedings of 8th International Conference of Modeling and Simulation. Stank, T. P., Esper, T. L., Crook, T. R., Autry, C. W. (2012). Creating relevant value through demand and supply integration. Journal of Business Logistics, 33(2), 167-172. Spenner, P., Freeman, K. (2013). To keep your customers, keep it simple. IEEE Engineering Management Review, 3(41). Seuring, S., Mller, M. (2008). From a literature review to a conceptual framework for sustainable supply chain management. Journal of cleaner production, 16(15), 1699-1710. Tseng, Y., Yue, W. L., Taylor, M. A. P. (2005). The role of transportation in logistics chain. Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol. 5. Tuomikangas, N., Kaipia, R. (2014). A coordination framework for sales and operations planning (SOP): Synthesis from the literature. International Journal of Production Economics, 154, 243-262. Trkman, P., McCormack, K., De Oliveira, M. P. V., Ladeira, M. B. (2010). The impact of business analytics on supply chain performance. Decision Support Systems, 49(3), 318- 327. Wang, K. J., Lestari, Y. D. (2013). Firm competencies on market entry success: Evidence from a high-tech industry in an emerging market. Journal of Business Research, 66(12), 2444-2450. Zuiga, R., Seifert, M., Thoben, K. D. (2013). Study on the application of DCOR and SCOR models for the sourcing process in the mineral raw material industry supply chain. In Dynamics in Logistics (pp. 211-220). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

Purple Hibiscus - Theme of Religion free essay sample

Religion is the main theme that emerges quite strongly throughout the novel of purple hibiscus. European missionaries took Christianity to Nigeria. They tried to convert local people from their traditional religious practices to follow Christianity, the ‘true’ religion. The novel is divided into 4 distinct sections and they are not in chronological order. The reference to Palm Sunday in part 1 is significant. It refers to what the children are going to go through, just like Palm Sunday was the start of Christ’s passion in order to save us all, Jaja’s rebellion in chapter 1 takes place in order to gain freedom. Kambili and her family are Catholics and she Jaja both attend Catholic schools. Papa uses religion as a form of oppression throughout the novel; he controls rigidly everything they do and punishes them severely to save them from the â€Å"burning fires of hell.† We are aware of Papa’s violence from the opening lines of the book, â€Å"he flung his heavy missal across the room and broke the figurines. We will write a custom essay sample on Purple Hibiscus Theme of Religion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † The fact that he throws his missal is significant and we are immediately aware that religion will come to play a very important role in the novel. Papa has a very rigid character and can almost be considered as a religious fanatic. This clear when â€Å"he pressed hard on each forehead to make a perfect cross.† He is a very devout Catholic who dominates his family and imposes religion on them. It is as if he almost does not feel worthy to receive the host, he kneels to receive communion and shuts his eyes, â€Å"so hard hid face tightened into a grimace. † We also learn that he has won a human rights award and modestly did not want to be featured in his own newspaper, this shows his admirable qualities, he is a man of principle and courage. He is also highly respected by the community. Papa is a complex yet contradictory character. He lashes out with his belt when he discovers Kambili eating before mass crying out, â€Å"Has the devil built a tent in my house? † He shows no humanity but afterwards he seems to be ashamed and asks, â€Å"Why do you like sin? † Eugene seems to see Nigeria as ruled by godless men and sees people like his father as â€Å"heathens† who will go to hell. He will not allow his father to enter his house and tells his children not to touch his food or drink. Papa allows to religion to rule his life, â€Å"finally, for twenty minutes, Papa prayed for our protection from ungodly people.† It is as if Kambili is conditioned by her father, everything seems to be a sin in her eyes, â€Å"I had never seen anyone undress; it was sinful to look upon another person’s nakedness. † When she visits Papa Nnukwu she examines him, â€Å"I had examined him that day, too, looking away when his eyes met mine, for signs of difference, of Godlessness. I didn’t see any, but I was sure they were somewhere. † Later on in Nsukka, when Kambili sees Papa Nnukwu praying, it changes her opinion, it is an eye-opener. This episode play an important part in her change, she realises that religions at hearts are all the same. She is touched by what she sees, for Papa Nnukwu religion is something that makes him happy, it does not suffocate him. Kambili’s faith extends beyond the boundaries of one religion as she realises that Papa Nnukwu is a traditionalist who follows the rituals of his ancestors and believes in a pantheistic model of religion. Though both his son and daughter converted to Catholicism, Papa Nnukwu held onto his roots. 20 Back at home, religion plays a key role in their daily routines; prayer time, grace before meals, rosary, mass. This contrasts greatly with the atmosphere of religion at aunty Ifeoma’s house. Kambili is surprised when her aunt prays for â€Å"peace and laughter. † Also whilst praying, they break into Igbo songs which initially makes Kambili and Jaja uncomfortable, â€Å"Morning and night prayers were always peppered with†¦ Igbo praise songs. † Fr. Amadi is young and ‘handsome’ Catholic priest; he is a close friend to Ifeoma and her family. He is the first black priest Kambili has ever known. Kambili develops a passion for Father Amadi because he is kind and gentle to her and takes a personal interest, ‘I looked up to find Father Amadi’s eyes on me. ’ Kambili is, without understanding why she feels as she does, sexually drawn to his pleasant manliness. This of course can never be properly reciprocated because Father Amadi is a Catholic priest, which means he is a celibate. Fr. Amadi is a great contrast to Fr. Benedict, the priest of Enugu who is praised and accepted by Papa. Father Benedict is the cold, white priest at St. Agnes who rigidly hears Kambili’s confessions. He turns a blind eye to Papa’s violence at home because of Papa’s ‘good works’ and cash donations to the Church. He represents the stereotypical type of priest, whereas Father Amadi shows Kambili that religion is not simply a set of rules but rather a way of life. Amaka and Kambili’s faith are challenged. Amaka, after much deliberation and stubbornness, decides to not take an English confirmation name, ‘I told you I am not taking an English name, Father. ’ She does not participate in the ceremony; she is making a statement for Nigerian identity. Like Jaja, she breaks from her faith. When Kambili visits Aokpe, she claims to see the Virgin Mary. She sees her in the tree, in the sun, and in the smile of every man. For Kambili, God is truly everywhere. As she realises with Father Amadi, faith does not only occur in sanctified places. He speaks through nature and goodness. Kambili’s journey of faith comes to a close here, she will always be devout, but not in the same way Papa is. It is significant that when Jaja rebels he uses religion – at the end he turns the weapon round uses it against Papa by not receiving communion as the â€Å"wafer gives me bad breath† and the priest touching his mouth â€Å"nauseates† him. Jaja’s rebellion is continuous, even after his father’s death. He rejects religion as it is linked too closely to his father oppressive rule. Jaja is almost oppressed by his desire to rebel; he is not at peace with himself. Jaja has become bitter to the world – a negative Jaja.

Discuss the role of ideas and ideology with reference to a r essays

Discuss the role of ideas and ideology with reference to a r essays The whole concept of politics and political thought is about how people think, how they perceive society and how they view human nature. It is therefore impossible for a human to not have an ideology, humans automatically have opinions. Even if a person does not express an opinion and say that they do not care, this in itself says a lot. Political ideologies obviously think that they are all right and speak the truth, and attempt to sell this to the public. But the problem is what is knowledge for one person is ideology for another and vice-versa . Now the world is becoming more globalised there are more parties representing peoples ideology many on a single issue. The paradox is the there is more and more choice yet turnout in many countries is steadily declining. It is often difficult to label certain sets of beliefs and ideologies but politicians and political thinkers can often be heard referring to the political spectrum of left and right. The right side being conservative, the left being socialist and the middle ground considered as liberalism. Then there are the extreme right of fascism and the extreme left of communism. There is also a vertical axis to the spectrum being authoritarian down to civil liberties. But the problem is that these labels are not always accurate because politics is much more than labelling a particular person a particular ideology and expecting them to have that ideological stance on every issue. Politics is about human behaviour and it does not work this way. In each party there are always splits that lead to factions of one kind or another, where a group does not agree with the majority party line on an issue. It is also interesting to ask the question, what makes someone have a certain ideology? Marxists wou ld say that it simply depends on which class you belong to, it certainly seems that there are indications of this. Traditionally, for example, rural areas are often conservat...

Analysis Of The History For Ikea Marketing Essay

Analysis Of The History For Ikea Marketing Essay IKEA was founded in 1943 by a Swedish entrepreneur Ingvar Kamprad when he was 17 years old. The name of IKEA is derived from the initial of its founder name Ingvar Kamprad, the farm Elmtaryd and home country Agunnardy where Ingvar Kamprad grew up. IKEA has developed rapidly and known as the largest home furnishing retailer (INTI). The corporate structure mainly divided into two parts which are operation and franchising. Operation covered the management of majority stores, design, purchasing, supply functions and manufacture of furniture, which manage by a private profit Dutch company, INGKA Holding. In 1982, Kamprad established Stichting Ingka Foundation, a non-profit foundation that control over INGKA Holding. Ingka Foundation chaired by Kamprad and five executive committees which included her wife. The IKEA trademark and concept is owned by separate Dutch firm, Inter IKEA Systems based in Luxembourg. Every IKEA stores pay 3% of sales to Inter IKEA as a franchise fees. IKEA consume rs are mainly distributed into four different geographic regions, Europe, America, Middle East and Asia. The vision of IKEA is to provide affordable solutions for better living and its mission statement is to offer low price furniture with stylish functional designs which everyone could afford. 2.2 Company Product and Services IKEA seized retailer chain that sells flat pack furniture, kitchen and bathroom accessories across the world. The furniture designed to be self assembled in order to reduce transportation cost. Besides, the company include traditional Swedish food restaurant in their stores, which serving Swedish meatballs, smoked salmon, lingo berry tarts and cream source. Moreover, thoughtful part of IKEA is many stores have play area for children named Smaland, where parents able to drop their children to playground while shopping and pick them up at another entrance. 2.3 Corporate and Current Business Strategies Globalization is the current trend for most of the companies nowadays. To gain market share in new entry countries especially Asia, IKEA corporate and business strategies determine its sustainability and competitive advantage among competitors in future. For example, IKEA globalization strategy in Asia country, China, comprise of joint venture, localization and pricing strategies. First of all, IKEA joint venture with local companies in China, due to one of the macro-environmental impact which was political policy of Chinese government in order to archive principal of equality and mutual benefits (INTI). Second, IKEA adapt localization strategy to suit local Chinese culture, for example, IKEA provide balcony section due to most of the Chinese population stay in apartment (INTI). Lastly, pricing strategy allow IKEA to compete against rivals, for example, IKEA cut cost for some goods like single-scat Ektorp armchair below standard price which is cheaper than it sold in United States. IKEA distinctive business and corporate level strategy have a llowed the company attains impressive growth 2.5 Current Strengths and Advantages The major strength and driving force that push IKEA expands aggressively is the value chain. Value chain is a tool used to identify value added into a business. Porter illustrates business value chain categories into two activities. The primary activities are directly related to creating and delivering products, while secondary activities are not directly involved in production process but could increase efficiency and effectiveness of business. IKEA modified the value chain to mobilize suppliers and customers assist in further add value to the system by convincing their customer perform the transport and assembly their flat pack products. ()

The Context of Blight Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Context of Blight - Essay Example In his interview with (Plath), the author revealed his intention to incorporate his experience of the comedy bars, his memories of the stand-up comedians and the daring quality of theater into a poem. But as he was on his way to writing the poem, the anecdotal stories started as formal design originating in something that was more of entertainment than a model of literacy. As the anecdotal characters started to acquire more hold over the poem’s plot, the author had little choice but to convert it into a short story. Blight was meant to be a story irrespective of the author’s plans for it. The characters in the story present a semi-autobiographical story. Had the author originally intended to write it as a story, it would probably have come out of his pen much different than it did otherwise. Therefore, this context is the most important controlling factor in the story of  Blight.  

The role of Internal, External and Forensic Auditors Essay

The role of Internal, External and Forensic Auditors - Essay Example Auditors play a significant role in the deterrence of fraud. They assist in risks detection and monitoring, control and regular testing of internal processes and suitable follow up for the purpose of dealing with weaknesses in the system. There are three types of the audit; these include internal, external and forensic audit (Weightman 2008 p 38). This literature review presents a critical evaluation of the roles of the professionals involved in the three types of audit. An organization’s management decides the role of internal auditors whose objectives are usually different from those of external auditors who are chosen to give an independent report regarding the financial statements (Wholey et al 2004 p 66). They work towards satisfying the requirements of the management. Internal auditing is used by organizations as a strategy to assist the organization to accomplish its objectives. The internal auditors, therefore, are in charge of using the systematic methodology designed by the management to analyze the organizational processes, actions, and events with the main goal of identifying organizational problems and suggesting possible solutions. These are independent authorities that conduct regular checks on an organization’s records and books of accounts depending on the agreed procedures for external auditing. These auditors are usually concerned with attesting that there are no substantial misstatements in the books of accounts (Sawyer et al 2003 p 91). They provide essential information about the efficiency of the in-house controls in regard to financial reports, precision and punctuality in transaction recording, and the precision and wholeness of reports regarding monetary and regulatory issues. They also offer an independent and non-subjective opinion in regard to the activities of an organization, as well as vital information for the maintenance of its risk management processes (Weightman 2008 p 88).

Human Factors in Maintenance Essay Example for Free

Human Factors in Maintenance Essay Nationair DC-8 Flight 2120 took the lives of 247 passengers and 14 crew members; 261 in all; during takeoff on July 11, 1991. The jet was owned by Canadian airline Nolisair, and was being operated by a Nigerian company to transport Nigerian pilgrims in and out of Mecca. The DC- 8 caught fire during take-off from Abdulaziz International Airport, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Pilots noticed problems during early stages of take-off and only made it 671 meters in elevation before attempting to turn around for a emergency landing. It was too late; the under inflated tires had overheated began to catch fire. The fire grew and blew out the hydraulics which made the emergency landing impossible. This was the worst wreck a DC-8 had ever experienced and has held the record for many years following. The NTSB concluded that the fire could have been handled by leaving the landing gear extended and away from the plane. Although the pilots failed to make the right decision, and added just one more human error to the equation, it was the obvious neglect by the maintenance team that caused this horrific accident. There are many human factors which played a vital role in the crash. The maintenance team failed to inflate the #2 and #4 main gear tires after recognizing the pressure during the pre-flight. An attempt to inflate the tires failed because there was no nitrogen available at the location. Further investigation shows later that the maintenance team recognized and had written up the tires during a previous A inspection but was signed off and overlooked more than twice before the incident. Human Factors Involvement There are many human factors that caused the Flight 2120 crash, and most of them are maintenance related. There was a Liveware-Liveware problem with the lack of communication between the lead mechanic and Director of Production. The Director of Production never questioned the lead mechanic and was said to have little contact with the him prior to this happening. Liveware-Hardware issues developed because of lack of qualified personnel amongst the maintenance team. The maintenance team did not have a qualified person to sign off the jet, leaving the task to the flight engineer who was not in tune with the maintenance team. The responsibility should have landed in the lead mechanics hands to sign off the maintenance write ups and the Director of Production should have been more involved by communicating with the lead mechanic and being more involved. There was a break down in maintenance even in the early stages of this TDY. The tires had been already recognized and written up during prior inspections, but pressure from the Project Manager to make the mission influenced the maintenance team to overlook minor maintenance issues at that time. Although seemingly minor at the time, the issues would later be the ultimate downfall and failure of the mission. Lack of communication and pressure caused the maintenance team to not see the importance of inflating the tires to the standard before going on a long mission. The minor task of inflating the tires to the standards before going on the long sortie would have negated the tires overheating and causing the plane to catch on fire and crash. The maintenance team was not the only factor which added to the human factors. The air crew is also responsible for some bad decision making skills also. During take-off one crew member was recorded stating that he thought he heard a main landing gear tire blow. The pilot failed to act upon and acknowledge this and carried on with the task. Pilots failed to recognize warning lights designed to inform the pilot of landing gear issues. While taking off the crew failed to use proper radio procedures regulations that kept them in contact with the tower. The night before the crash the pilots were out shopping and eating and not returning home until hours before take-off. The lack of crew rest could have played a role in decision making abilities amongst the crew. The crew showed up to the aircraft late which pushed maintenance to hurry and complete the pre-flight, giving them no time to perform a good complete inspection. Lack of leadership in the cockpit added to the advancement in takeoff. If the copilot trusted his own judgment and realized there was a problem in the main gear he could have stopped the aircraft from taking off. Safety Nets The crash of flight 2120 could have easily been avoided by simply following standard procedures set by international and local organizations. The maintenance holds the bulk of the responsibility in terms of human factors. The communication between the lead mechanic and AME could have been solved by following the chain of command. The director of production had very poor communication with the lead mechanic. This caused for a lack in communication from the there up the chain. The communication was broken at this given point in the chain of command and gave little information which is vital in aviation. The AME had direct responsibility to sign off the final for flight and it was handed over to the flight engineer whom had little knowledge of the maintenance operations. The maintenance team failed to complete given checklists and follow standards set by the FFA and international organizations. With the lack of communication, personnel, and leadership, along with added pressure, the aircraft was not mission ready and should have been better managed from top to bottom. The maintenance crew has very stringent tire pressure requirements and the responsibility lies in even the lowest level of operations to complete the task. The warning lights indicated to the cockpit flight crew that problems have arouse and they chose to ignore them. By receiving proper crew rest the night before, they might have had better decision making skills and could have made the right decision at the given moment. They also became complacent and did not use the communication procedures with the tower. Conclusion Human factors is the cause of most aircraft accidents and this one is a major example of how many human factors can play such a vital role. Flight 2120 shows the importance and how human factors can directly affect everything involved. The importance of being alert and aware of your environment can come down to one decision which can be the determining factor in any situation. The maintenance and air crew failed to follow written guidelines and standards of operation to protect the lives of those on board. The mission was doomed from the start by the maintenance communication breakdown. The lack of qualified personnel should have been one of the first red flags. The decision to not fix the problem and over look it several times put them in an environment where the tools needed for the job was not present. The lack of leadership from the bottom level of the maintenance crew to the pilot was a major issue. The lowest level maintenance personnel could have stepped up and brought about the problem. The flight of Nigerian Airway 2120 was that caused by human error. The horrific event shows the importance of following set standards and regulations. The crash exposes the vital role in the chain of command and how human error and lack of communication can break down at any level. References Aviationsafetynetwork.com American-bankruptcy.us.gov

Charles Ruff: The Privacy Defense :: Essays Papers

Charles Ruff: The Privacy Defense Privacy was a big issue during the impeachment proceedings and the overall sex scandal. It was introduced as an issue by the House Managers who wanted to discuss how moral and appropriate the actions of the president and Monica Lewinsky were. The defense then used the same topic to argue that he should not be impeached. This was because, as the defense planned to show, a president should not be impeached for something that occurred during his private life. This is mainly based on the fact that impeachment, as defined, applies to the president and his role regarding the state and safety of the country. Privacy was introduced by the House Managers but widely used by the defense team. The defense focused on this so completely because private matters do not fit into the actions of high crimes and misdemeanors, which is required to impeach the president. The main purpose behind focusing on privacy was to show that matters in a personal life to not reach the level of impeachable regardless how immoral they were. The main goal, therefore was to prevent the impeachment of the president. Privacy is also an issue that Charles Ruff seems to live by. He is one of the most powerful attorneys in the country, and was a prosecutor of Richard Nixon during the Watergate scandal. However, it is very difficult to find a lot of information about him personally, or about his career. Typically it seems that there is more information available about someone with a powerful position such as Ruff, than others with less powerful opinions. When it comes to the issue of privacy and the impeachment, there are a few questions that come to mind. In the past, the private life of a president was not reported in the media. What has changed since then making it acceptable for the media to report on Clinton’s private life with such detail? What were some of the turning points? When it comes to the impeachment proceedings, are personal issues a reason to impeach a president? Why is it that Ruff never defends the president or denies Clinton’s activities? Isn’t that how a defense attorney usually proceeds? How does the issue of privacy fit into Ruff’s own life? Clinton is not the first sitting president to have a mistress or an affair. Multiple others have as well, but the media never broke the story to the public. Charles Ruff: The Privacy Defense :: Essays Papers Charles Ruff: The Privacy Defense Privacy was a big issue during the impeachment proceedings and the overall sex scandal. It was introduced as an issue by the House Managers who wanted to discuss how moral and appropriate the actions of the president and Monica Lewinsky were. The defense then used the same topic to argue that he should not be impeached. This was because, as the defense planned to show, a president should not be impeached for something that occurred during his private life. This is mainly based on the fact that impeachment, as defined, applies to the president and his role regarding the state and safety of the country. Privacy was introduced by the House Managers but widely used by the defense team. The defense focused on this so completely because private matters do not fit into the actions of high crimes and misdemeanors, which is required to impeach the president. The main purpose behind focusing on privacy was to show that matters in a personal life to not reach the level of impeachable regardless how immoral they were. The main goal, therefore was to prevent the impeachment of the president. Privacy is also an issue that Charles Ruff seems to live by. He is one of the most powerful attorneys in the country, and was a prosecutor of Richard Nixon during the Watergate scandal. However, it is very difficult to find a lot of information about him personally, or about his career. Typically it seems that there is more information available about someone with a powerful position such as Ruff, than others with less powerful opinions. When it comes to the issue of privacy and the impeachment, there are a few questions that come to mind. In the past, the private life of a president was not reported in the media. What has changed since then making it acceptable for the media to report on Clinton’s private life with such detail? What were some of the turning points? When it comes to the impeachment proceedings, are personal issues a reason to impeach a president? Why is it that Ruff never defends the president or denies Clinton’s activities? Isn’t that how a defense attorney usually proceeds? How does the issue of privacy fit into Ruff’s own life? Clinton is not the first sitting president to have a mistress or an affair. Multiple others have as well, but the media never broke the story to the public.

Energy from Waste

Energy FROM WASTE ( EfW ) Introduction Energy from waste is a construct that is going more relevant to society as the general consciousness of energy efficiency and waste direction additions in the public sphere. It merely means that waste generated from families, industries and commercialism is used to bring forth energy in the signifier of heat, transport fuels like Diesel and electricity. The EfW procedure can make energy from different types of waste utilizing a assortment of engineerings including:Residual waste which is waste which can non be economically or practically reused or recycled and is normally subjected to thermal intervention like incineration, gasification or pyrolysis.Biodegradable waste like nutrient waste and sludge which can be decomposed by the action of microorganism which is normally used in Anaerobic Digestion ( AD ) workss.The Waste Hierarchy The preferable order in which waste must be managed is called the waste hierarchy. The most good option to the environment is to forestall waste, nevertheless, this is barely possible in the current socio-economic context. The following best thing is to recycle, and so recycle. After which other recovery methods like EfW may be applied before eventually any waste is disposed in a landfill. The Waste Hierarchy is a legal demand of the European Union ( EU ) Waste Framework Directive. It means that waste can merely be presented to the EfW procedure if it can non be efficaciously managed through reuse and recycling. In consequence, merely waste edge for the landfill sites can be redirected to any of the EfW procedures. EfW or Landfill? Although both energy generated from waste recovery and landfills release C into the ambiance in the signifier of C dioxide, their possible impact on clime alteration through planetary heating vary greatly. This is because landfill sites besides release methane into the ambiance, of which it has been proven that methane is about 25 times more detrimental than C dioxide. The United Kingdom authorities has established a Climate Change Act to lawfully implement its committedness to cut down its nursery gases ( GHG ) emanations by 80 per centum by 2050, compared to degrees in the basal twelvemonth of 1990. This statute law is now besides one of the drive forces behind the consumption of EfW methodological analysiss, as they have been recognised as feasible agencies of cut downing GHG emanations. Due to less detrimental emanations from EfW procedures, they have been placed higher in the Waste Hierarchy than fain waste in landfill sites. Energy from Residual Waste Residual waste is a mixture of different things including plastics, and from things that are late turning and are biodegradable such as nutrient, paper, wood, etc. This is why residuary waste is sometimes referred to as partly renewable energy beginning or low C energy beginning as opposed to fossil fuels which have been belowground for 1000000s of old ages therefore are regarded as non-renewable energy beginning. The most common thermic method for let go ofing energy from residuary waste is incineration. Although Advanced Thermal Treatments ( ATT ) such as gasification and pyrolysis are in usage, their consumption is more limited due to be and ATTs tend to be used in smaller sites. The incineration method merely allows the hot gases produced to be used to boil H2O which so releases steam to turn a steam turbine that generates electricity and/or heat. However, ATTs can in add-on to bring forthing steam to turn turbines make a mixture of compounds such as gases or oils that can be cleaned and burned straight in gas engines or turbines or converted to man-made natural gas or conveyance fuels. Residual waste may be capable to pre-treatments to pull out more recyclables and better both the calorific value ( CV ) and biogenic content of the waste. The more common types of pre-treatments include mechanical sorting, mechanical biological intervention ( MBT ) and mechanical heat intervention ( MHT ) . Pre-treatments by and large take recyclates, wet and homogenize the waste into what may be termed refuse derived fuel ( RDF ) or solid recovered fuel ( SRF ) . Finally MBT can be used to take biogenic stuff that can be sent to AD works to retrieve energy. The EU Industrial Emissions Directive has set really low degrees of emanations that may be released from EfW workss, and besides encourages environmentally friendly runing conditions within EfW workss such as flue gas clean-up which ensures that gas pollutants and particulates are removed before emanations are released into the ambiance. These have ensured that EfW workss are a low beginning of environmental pollution. Energy from Anaerobic Digestion Anaerobic Digestion ( AD ) is a of course happening procedure where microorganism interrupt down organic affair, in the absence of O to bring forth biogas and digestate. The biogas is a mixture of C dioxide and methane while the digestate is a nitrogen-rich fertilizer. The biogas can be used to raise steam and burned straight in Combined Heat and Power ( CHP ) Plants or Vehicle Combustion Engines ( VCE ) to let go of energy. The digestate provides a renewable beginning of fertilizer which helps to replace lost foods from agricultural lands. It is besides a really good dirt conditioner. AD engineering has been in topographic point for up to one hundred old ages, nevertheless, it is merely late that it has started to utilize non-sewage sludge wastes such as purpose-grown harvests and nutrient waste as feedstock. There are a myriad of AD engineerings including dry or wet ; mesophilic or thermophilic and individual or multi-stage digester. In dry AD, the digestion procedure takes topographic point from waste in its solid signifier while in wet AD, the waste is foremost converted into a mush. Mesophilic AD involves the usage of bacteriums that thrive best at 35C to 40C of temperature while thermophilic method uses bacteriums that can be active at 55C to 60C. A single-stage digester have all biological reactions occur in a individual reactor or armored combat vehicle while a multi-stage digester use several armored combat vehicles to optimize the bacterial reaction. It is more advantageous to divide out biogenic waste and send to an AD works instead than holding it as portion of residuary waste. The ground being that digestate from residuary waste intervention can non be used as fertiliser replacing on agricultural land because it may hold contaminations from assorted waste and it would be wasteful to execute the series of trial required to run into the quality of digestate from an AD works. Crops grown specifically for AD are non considered as waste, therefore merely AD workss that use sewerage sludge and biogenic waste as feedstock are considered as EfW workss. THE PROXIMITY PRINCIPLE This rule supports the thought that waste must be processed every bit near as it is possible to where it was generated. This is to guarantee that one community is non taking on waste produced by another and advance the rules of autonomy in waste direction. However, it may be possible to utilize a more distant works where it is the best operable environmental option ( BPEO ) . Emission FROM EfW Energy from waste workss that use assorted thermic engineerings contribute a really little fraction of particulate and other emanations due to really rigorous bounds imposed by the EU under the Industrial Emissions Directive ( IED ) 2010. In order to run into these bounds such EfW workss must cut down emanations by using the most environmentally friendly burning techniques, take all harmful gases and particulates such as heavy metals before release into the ambiance. Mentions Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs ( Defra ) ( 2013 ) , Energy from Waste: A usher to the argument. Available from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/284612/pb14130-energy-waste-201402.pdf [ Accessed: 05 March 2014 ] Department of Energy and Climate Change ( n.d ) , Anaerobic Digestion Strategy and Action Plan. Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/69400/anaerobic-digestion-strat-action-plan.pdf [ Accessed: 05 March 2014 ]

The Ceo’s Decision-Making Process Model on Service Offshore Outsourcing: Using Theory of Reasoned Action (Tra)

THE CEO’S DECISION-MAKING PROCESS MODEL ON SERVICE OFFSHORE OUTSOURCING: USING THEORY OF REASONED ACTION (TRA) Mark Yang Department of Information, Operations and Technology Management College of Business Administration The University of Toledo 2801 W. Bancroft St. Toledo, Ohio, USA 43606 Phone: (419) 787-3453 Fax: (419) 530-2290 E-mail: [email  protected] utoledo. edu Jeen Lim Department of Marketing and International Business College of Business Administration The University of Toledo 2801 W. Bancroft St. Toledo, Ohio, USA 43606 Phone: (419) 530-2922 Fax: (419) 530-4610 E-mail: jeen. [email  protected] du ABSTRACT This present study attempts to fill the gap through providing the CEO’s decision-making process model with regard to service offshore outsourcing activities which becomes important strategy to maintain firm’s competitive advantage. Arguably, the CEO is the main domain of decision making authority on such important agenda of the firm as service off shoring. The research model includes 1) key antecedents of service offshoring deriving from various outsourcing literatures, 2) CEO’s propensity (attitude and subjective norm), intention and behavior, and 3) regulatory environmental factors.As a theoretical base, Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) will be used. Managerial implication as well as future research direction will be provided. Keywords: Offshore outsourcing, Key Antecedents of Service offshoring, Decision-making process, Chief Executive Officer (CEO), Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) INTRODUCTION Recently, service offshoring has brought the tremendous increasing attention and concern to both practitioners and researchers due to the rapidly-changing structure of the U. S. mployment and the growing importance of its significant impact on the U. S. economy. This trend has been more and more visible due to â€Å"the rise of globally integrated knowledge economy†, which has both good and bad impact on the U. S. econo my: it may be good because U. S. firms may enjoy the cost benefits, utilizing large best pools with relatively low cost; it may be also bad because they are likely to lose control of their core businesses or lose white-collar jobs of the U. S. counterpart.Up to now, large body of research has addressed the various issues of service offshoring. However, current scholarly works tend to be fragmented and especially, few attempted to examine inside of firm’s decision-making process with regard to service offshore outsourcing. Such decision-making process model may be useful to contribute to the previous – 4491 – body of research on service offshore outsourcing in that to my knowledge, very few papers produced from top management perspective (except [47]) and this process model may help top management, esp.Chief Executive Officer (CEO) avoid to make hasty decision, resulting in saving huge economic losses. This paper is organized as follows. The following section pro vides literature reviews. The third section presents the research model which includes such variables as 1) key antecedents which are major criteria for determining service offshoring drawn from the extant literatures on outsourcing activities; 2) CEO’s propensity; 3) CEO’s Intention and Behavior; and 4) regulatory environment (moderating variable). Series of research propositions are developed.The conclusion section provides the managerial implication as well as future research direction. LITERATURE REVIEW The role of top management on affecting firms’ strategy choices and performance has been well-documented [13] [14] [40] [9] [15]. Quality of leadership of top management, esp. CEO, determines the fate of the firm. For example, under Jack Welch’s leadership General Electric Company (GE) within 20 years has been drastically transformed into one of the largest and most admired company with $ 500 billion’s market value from a market capitalization o f $12 billion.It shows the critical role of CEO in advancing the firm in terms of organizational performance. Excellent outcomes start with wise and prudent decision-making. In that regard, CEO is considered the main domain of decision-making authority on important agenda of the firm such as offshoring service. Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) [12] [2] is a general model that does not specify the beliefs that are operative for a certain behavior [8]. The TRA postulates that one’s behavior is determined by his /her behavioral intention (BI) to perform the behavior.BI is divided into two conceptually distinct variables: 1) one’s attitude (A) toward performing the behavior, and 2) one’ subjective norm (SN) about performing the behavior. Once attitudes and subjective norms are formed, CEO may have inclination whether or not to make certain choices. Actual behavior is the transmission of such intention into action. Significance of the role of environment on the strate gy formulation and organizational outcome has been extensively examined [25] [29] [16] [24]. The CEO’s decision to offshore services will be greatly contingent on the regulatory environment a firm faces.The regulatory environment can, to some extent, act to facilitate or hinder offshoring. Regulation environment becomes a moderating variable that can weaken or enhance the relationship between (1) the drivers of offshoring and top management’s propensity; and (2) top management’s propensity and intention and actual behavior. RESEARCH MODEL The research model is about the CEO’s decision making process on service offshore outsourcing. It includes four key antecedents (i. e. , decision-criteria) of service offshore outsourcing and the CEO’s propensity, intention and behavior.This model also attempts to examine the moderating role of regulatory environment between (1) the key antecedents and the CEO’s propensity; and (2) the CEO’s propensi ty and the CEO’s intention and behavior. Cost Advantage ([18] [19]) Cost advantage refers to the extent to which a client firm can achieve cost reduction, productivity or profitability through service offshore outsourcing activities. One of the most commonly quoted reasons is that managers feel that they can gain cost advantages by employing – 4492 – outside suppliers to perform certain services and produce certain products.Cost reduction remains the major explanation for the drivers of outsourcing. Some researchers argue that an important foundation of cost reductions is the outsourcing firm’s access to economies of scale and the distinctive know-how or expertise that a large outsourcing vendor (i. e. , supplier) can bring. [4] [32] Nohria and William [30] discovered that to be a steady industry winner, a firm must increase its productivity by around twice above than the industry’s average. There are a number of studies that focus on explaining th e relationship between outsourcing and productivity growth.Today’s knowledge and service-based economy offers numerous opportunities for wellrun companies to increase profits through outsourcing [30]. When used properly, outsourcing can boost profitability to the firm in many ways (i. e. , staffing, capabilities, facilities, and payroll, etc). The most obvious reason why a firm offshores services is also for cost advantage. In regard to offshoring activities, wage differential (i. e. , lower labor cost with comparable quality of work) between U. S. and other developing countries motivates top management to offshore. Risk Control ([17])Risk control refers to the degree to which a client firm control the risk such as amount of involved outsourcing value (i. e. , scale of the contract), outsourcing complexity (i. e. , level of contract difficulty) and outsourcing duration (length of the contract) that might occur through outsourcing. Management needs to assess and evaluate the r isks and their impact at various levels such as strategic, tactical and operational levels [43]. The level of contract complexity also can influence on the level of risk. Complexity refers to the degree to which activities are diversified with the outsourcing function.The more complex a contract is, the more risky its implementation is. Length of contract duration [19] can affect the complexity of an outsourcing relationship. When an outsourcing contract’s duration requires a longer period of time, both diversity of business relationships and complexity of contract management increase. As a result, longer duration contracts expose the outsourcing company to greater level of risk due to managerial uncertainty. Infrastructure Maturity ([17] [23]) Infrastructure maturity refers to the degree to which both firms (i. e. , client and vendor) have developed telecommunications (i. e. Internet and mobile telecommunication) and transportation (i. e. , logistics, 3PLs) infrastructure. T echnology advancement makes organizational and national borders less significant when it comes to the decision regarding relocation of service functions. Telecommunication infrastructure is essential for electronically transmitted services. Lack of telecommunication system will be a hurdle for trade with U. S. Transportation infrastructure refers to the availability of logistics. The increase in competition and growing awareness of the role of logistics lead more companies to exploit the potential of outsourcing.Cultural Compatibility ([20]) Cultural compatibility refers to the degree to which both firms (i. e. , client and vendor) can interchangeably accept cultural dissimilarities including language (i. e. , English), ethnic linkage, or cultural difference. In the context of a firm’s offshoring decision, language similarity between a client and vendor firm is important. Language similarity is measured by the extent to which a vendor firm is exposed to English (i. e. , Engli sh fluency). Ethnic linkage is also important for offshoring outsourcing service activities. Ethnic linkage between the managers of both firms (i. . , client and vendor) in origin and destination countries increases cultural compatibility. Such – 4493 – linkage improves social capital [45]. Cultural difference refers to the degree to which firms may not accept a counterpart’s culture. These cultural differences may increase difficulties associated with managing employees. We propose that four factors that have influenced firms’ outsourcing decision will affect to some extent firms’ service offshoring decision. Therefore, we regard these four factors as the key antecedents of the CEO’s decision for service offshore outsourcing.Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) In firms’ decision-making for service offshoring, CEO is the key person who actually involves in that process with collaborative effort of top management and board of directors. Ac cording to TRA, attitude toward offshore outsourcing services is generated by the individual’s salient belief about the consequences of adopting service offshoring practices (behavioral beliefs) and evaluation of these consequences (i. e. , positive or negative outcomes). Positive feelings toward offshoring will lead top management to form optimistic attitude, in turn intention to behave (i. e. willingness to offshore outsourcing services). After careful examination of the four key antecedents, i. e. , cost advantage, risk control, infrastructure maturity, and cultural compatibility, the CEO forms positive or negative attitude toward offshoring. Subjective norm is generated by the normative beliefs that the person attributes to what relevant others (i. e. , social referents) expect her to do with respect to adopting offshoring services as well as her motivation to comply with those beliefs. Social referents possibly include firm’s board of directors, stockholders, firm ’s customers, or CIO [47].The strength of social referents’ normative belief and motivations will actually determine the CEO’s final decision to offshore services. Once attitudes and subjective norms are formed, the CEO may have inclination whether or not to make decision for offshoring services. In turn, actual behavior will be transmitted from such intention. The above discussions lead to: Proposition 1: The key antecedents of service offshore outsourcing, (a) Cost Advantage, (b) Risk Control, (c) Infrastructure Maturity, and (d) Cultural Compatibility will have a positive impact on top management’s attitude and subjective norms to offshore outsourcing services.Proposition 2: Top management’s positive attitude and norms that was formed through careful assessing key antecedents of service offshoring will have a positive impact on top management’s actual behavior (i. e. , both intention and decision to offshore services). Moderating Effect: Regulatory Environment ([17] [20]) Regulatory environment refers to explicit regulative processes, existing laws and rules that influence offshoring outsourcing [49]. In this case, government plays a major role.For example, in case of offshoring software industry, government can affect restrict or facilitate the import and export of equipment, software, or data across the country. Government is also the main enforcers of intellectual property laws (i. e. , patent, copyright) 36]. Companies in the U. S. will not choose to offshore key functions if they are concerned about the security of key processes or products [37]. Generally, three types of regulatory factors can be categorized: 1) Tariff/ Non-tariff barriers; 2) privacy laws and 3) rule of law.We propose that above regulatory environment factors will play moderating roles in affecting the relationship between the key antecedents and the CEO’s final decision to offshore outsourcing services. Proposition 3: The relationship between (1) the key antecedents and the CEO’s propensity and (2) CEO’s propensity and intention and behavior for offshore outsourcing services will be moderated by regulatory environment. – 4494 – Table 1: Key constructs (Definitions and Supporting Literatures) Construct Definition Literature Cost Advantage (CA) The degree to which a client firm can achieve cost reduction, operating efficiency (i. . , productivity) or profitability that is related to economic benefit through service offshore outsourcing activities Smith et al. , 1998; Jiang et al. , 2006; Jiang et al. , 2007 Risk Control (RC) The degree to which a client firm controls the risk that might occur through service offshore outsourcing activities, risk such as amount of involved value (i. e. , Scale of the contract), complexity (i. e. , Level of contract difficulty) and duration (Length of the contract). Smith et al. , 1998 Stremersch et al. , 2003; Carson, 2007; Jiang and Qureshi, 2006; Jiang et al. , 2007 Infrastructure Maturity IM) The degree to which both firms (i. e. , client and vendor) have developed telecommunications (i. e. , Internet and mobile telecommunication) and transportation infrastructure. Cultural Compatibility (CC) The degree to which both firms (i. e. , client and vendor) can interchangeably accept different cultural backgrounds including language (i. e. , English), ethnic linkage, or cultural difference. Kshetri, 2007 Regulatory Environment (RE) Explicit regulative processes, existing laws and rules such as trade barriers, privacy laws and rule of law that influence service offshore outsourcing activitiesScott, 1995; Jahns et al. , 2006; Kshetri, 2007 Jahns et al. , 2006; Metters and Verma, 2008 Figure 2: Theoretical Model Key Antecedents Cost Advantage (CA) Risk Control (RC) Infrastructure Maturity (IM) H1 The CEO’s Attitude and Subjective Norms toward offshoring Hservices 3 (PROPENSITY) Cultural Compatibility (CC) H3 Regulatory Environment (RE) – 4495 – H2 The CEO’s DecisionMaking to offshore services (INTENTION) (BEHAVIOR) CONCLUSION Nowadays, outsourcing and offshoring decision is not an alternative option to choose but a mandatory passport to lead firms to sustain competitive advantages over rivals.In this regard, this paper seems to be of less value because many firms offshore service jobs anyway. However, the key antecedents that were shown in present study may help management as useful decision tools and become critical in succeeding to reap the full benefits of the offshoring activities to the firm. This is a meaningful attempt to go inside of firms’ decision-making process though it may not be perfectly useful for managerial decision. It is primarily because through this model, management can rethink before they launch the service offshoring activities, asking themselves â€Å"why we pursue† and â€Å"then, how we can reap the full benefits. This present study attempted to c onsider four key antecedents of service offshoring which are important decision-credentials for top management, esp. CEO to offshore. Although these are not direct determinants of service offshoring decision, they are the ones in which firms need to consider before actual decision is made in that they encompass different aspects. Cost advantage and risk control are considered economic aspects. Since cost elements are always one of the most important reasons for firms’ decision of certain activities, cost advantage and level of risk control needs to be carefully examined before initial launch is kicked off.Infrastructure maturity is considered environmental or infrastructural aspect. Availability and development of telecommunication and transportation infrastructure is critical for service offshoring—its fast and reliable delivery. Lastly, cultural compatibility is considered cultural aspect. Language (i. e. , English) fluency, ethnic linkage, or cultural difference wil l actually determine long-term relationship between a client and vendor firm across the country.These decision-criteria will help top management to consider the different aspects of offshoring activities, which are economic, environmental (infrastructural) and cultural dimensions. This present study also identified three different aspects of regulatory environment which are trade barriers, privacy laws, and rule of law. Trade barriers are associated with a relation-type regulatory factor in that they determine the magnitude of relationship between countries which are involved in offshoring activities.Privacy laws are coupled with a risk-type regulatory factor in that lack of privacy laws will make a client firm to be exposed to information (data) loss. Rule of law such as political institution, court system or sound citizenship is linked with security-type regulatory factor in that poor rule of law (i. e. , vendor firm) is regarded as major obstacles to offshoring and cause to criti cal security problems. For future research, three major works need to be done. First, to make empirical study possible, measurement items for each key antecedent and CEO’s propensity, intention and behavior need to be developed.For operationalization of key variables, more refined work should be continued. In this case, both secondary data and survey method may be appropriately used. Second, for completeness of the model or further analysis, outcome and performance measure might be added. Third, for extension of this paper, it might be an interesting attempt if general decision-making process model which includes other top management teams and board of directors is provided. * References Available Upon Request (Mark Yang: [email  protected] utoledo. edu) – 4496 –

Child Abuse A case for Imposing Harsher Punishments to Child Abusers

Child Abuse A case for Imposing Harsher Punishments to Child Abusers Introduction Children are very important since they represent the community’s hopes, ambitions and its future. As such, they are cherished and most parents try to provide a quality life for them. Even so, some live lives full of hurt as a result of child abuse which is one of the most heinous crimes.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Child Abuse: A case for Imposing Harsher Punishments to Child Abusers specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This crime sometimes leads to children being traumatized for life or physically damaged. It is therefore of great importance to stop it from happening. In an attempt to stop this abuse, forms of punishment have been devised for retribution and deterrence purposes. This paper will argue that harsher punishment should be imposed for perpetrators of child abuse. The paper will reinforce this proposition by delving into the merits of harsher punishments. A case for Harsher Pun ishments The most desirable function of any form of punishment is deterrence. The ideal situation is one where punishments do not have to be executed since their presence causes people to abide by the rules. Harsh punishments provide deterrence since they invoke fear to anyone who intends to engage in this despicable act (Hoffmann-Engl, 2006). For example, giving child abusers harsh punishments such as a life sentence will act as deterrence to people who can easily afford to pay the fines imposed. As such, future offenders would be forced to think twice about the results of their acts. Harsh punishments also have the advantage of protecting the society from child abusers. Cunningham (1999) reveals that child abusers display high levels of impulsivity and aggression. These are attributes that are undesirable and if such persons are given modest punishments such as community service or short prison terms, they will reenter society and continue harming children. By giving long prison s entences or even imposing capital punishments on such offenders, the society will be protected from these child abusers who would reenter society sooner if punishments were lenient. Demerit of Harsh Punishment While harsh punishments appear to offer a solution to the problem, this measure may be detrimental to the welfare of the child in the case where the abuser is its guardian. DfES (2003) reveals that many cases abuses are committed not by strangers but by the people who are closest to the children.Advertising Looking for research paper on family law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Imposing harsh punishments on these perpetrators will therefore leave the child without a guardian. Children may therefore end up suffering more as a result of the harsh punishments than they would if the punishment were more lenient. While this may be true, leaving the child at the mercy of the abuse just because they provide for its basic needs is the greater wrong. As such, harsh punishments should be imposed at the same time taking care to ensure that the child is provided for after the abuser has been imprisoned. Conclusion This paper has argued that imposition of harsher punishments for child abuse criminals has many advantages and therefore, it should be implemented by our justice system. It has been articulated that through harsh penalties, retribution is served for crimes committed and the offenders are put away from the society for a long time. In addition to this, harsh penalties acts as deterrence to would be offenders since an example is made of those who have already been convicted. By imposing harsh punishment, our society can mitigate or even completely get rid of child abusers therefore guarantying a good life for the children. References Cunningham, A.L. (1999). Suggested Punishment For Child Molesters Based Upon Victim`s Relationship to the Experimenter. Web. DfES, 2003, Every Child Matters. UK Government Green Paper, Cm 5860. London, HMSO. Hoffmann-Engl, L. (2006). A Probabilistic Model on Child Abuse. Chameleon Group.